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Does Electroconvulsive Therapy Prevent Suicide?
Written by Victor Milstein, Ph.D., Joyce G. Small, M.D., Iver F. Small, M.D., and Grace E. Green, B.A.   
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Feb 19, 2007 A +  A -  RESET  

REFERENCES

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Avery, D. and Winokur, G. Suicide, attempted suicide, and relapse rates in depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 35:749-7S3, 1978.

Babigian H. M., and Guttmacher, L. B. Epidemiologic considerations in electroconvulsive therapy. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 41:246-2S3. 1984.

Bond, E. D. Results of treatment in psychoses with a control series. II. Involutional psychotic reaction. Am. J Psychiatry. 110:881-885. 1954.

Bond, E. D. and Morris, H. H. Results of treatment in psychoses with a control series. III. Manic depressive reactions. Am. J Psychiatry: 110:885-887. 1954.

Consensus Conference. Electroconvulsive therapy. JAMA. 254:2103-2108,1985.

Eastwood, M.R. and Peacocke. J Seasonal patterns of suicide, depression and electroconvulsive therapy. Br. J. Psychiatry. 129:472-47S. 1976.

Feighner, J. P.. Robins, E.R., Guze, S. B.. Woodruff. R. A. Jr.. Winokur, G. and Munoz, R. Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry: 26 57-63, 1972.

Huston, P.E. and Lecher, L. M. Involutional psychosis. Course when untreated and when treated with electric shock. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry. 59:385-394, 1948a.

Huston. P. E. and Locher. L. W. Manic-depressive psychosis. Course when treated and untreated with electric shock. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry: 60:37-48, 1948b.

Small, J G., Milstein, V., Sharpley; P. H., Klapper. M. and Small, J. F. Electroencephalographic findings in relation to diagnostic constructs in psychiatry. Biol. Psychiatry: 19:471-478, 1984.

Tsuang, M. T., Dempsey, G. M. and Fleming, J A. Can ECT prevent premature death and suicide in schizoaffective patients? J. Affect.. Disorders. 1:167-171, 1979.

Ziskind, E., Somerfeld-Ziskind, E. and Ziskind, L. Metrazol and electric convulsive therapy of the affective psychoses. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry. 53:212-217.1945.

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Last Updated( May 11, 2009 )
reviewed by: Harry Croft, MD
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