Victor Milstein, Ph.D., Joyce G. Small, M.D., Iver F. Small, M.D., and Grace E. Green, B.A.

Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital and Indiana University School of Medicine. Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.

Convulsive Therapy
2(1):3-6, 1986

Summary: To examine the issue of whether or not electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) protects against suicidal death, we followed a complete population of 1,494 adult hospitalized psychiatric patients for 5-7 years. During that time there were 76 deaths of which 16 or 21% were by suicide. Cause of death was not significantly related to age. gender or research diagnosis. Patients who committed suicide were more apt to have received ECT than those who died from other causes, but this difference was not significant. A control group of living patients matched for age, sex, and diagnosis had very similar exposures to ECT. which further indicates that ECT does not influence long-term survival. These findings combined with a close examination of the literature do not support the commonly held belief that ECT exerts long-range protective effects against suicide.

At the recent Consensus Development Conference on Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) sponsored by the National Institutes of Health and Mental Health, there was much argument concerning whether ECT does or does not reduce the risk of suicide. At first, this concern would appear to be superfluous as ECT is known to be an effective form of treatment for severe depression and other illnesses that are associated with a significantly elevated risk of suicide. The conference report (Consensus Development Conference, 1985) states that "the immediate risk of suicide (when not manageable by other means) is a clear indication for consideration of ECT." However, factual data in support of this contention are not readily obtainable.

Studies by Tsuang et al. (1979) and Avery and Winokur (1976) often are quoted as showing that ECT is associated with lower mortality rates than is drug therapy or institutional care in the treatment of patients with schizoaffective disorder or depression. However, their data show reduced mortality from all causes but no significant reduction in suicidal death per se. Avery and Winokur (1976) found that death from suicide was not different in patients receiving ECT compared with those receiving other treatment modalities. Later, these same authors (1978) demonstrated that patients who were treated with ECT made significantly fewer suicide attempts ova a 6-month follow-up period than did patients who did not receive ECT. However, Babigian and Guttmacher (1984) failed to demonstrate that ECT exerts a protective influence against suicidal death. Eastwood and Peacocke (1976) did not find an interrelationship between suicide, hospital admissions for depressive illness, and ECT.

Review of the early literature also reveals conflicting findings. Ziskind et al. (1945) reported that treatment with ECT or pentylenetetrazol (Metrazol) reduces death from suicide. Huston and Locher (1948a) found that none of their patients with involutional melancholia treated with ECT committed suicide, whereas 13% of untreated patients did. The same authors reported a lower rate of suicide in manic depressive patients treated with ECT than in untreated patients (1948b). However, two subsequent studies (Bond, 1954; Bond and Morris, 1954) found no significant protective effect of ECT against suicide in patients with either involutional psychosis or manic depressive illness.

FOLLOW-UP STUDIES

In an effort to cast light on this still unresolved question, we report our findings from follow-up studies of a series of 1,494 patients. They consisted of all consecutive adult admissions to Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital during the years 1965-72. Further details concerning the facility and patient sample appear elsewhere (Small et al., 1984). From contacts with families and attending physicians and cross-referencing of patients' names listed on Indiana death certificates, we ascertained that 76 patients had died during the 5- to 7-year follow-up period. Thus, 5.1% of the total sample had died by the time of follow-up, and of these, 16 or 21% were the result of suicide. Causes of death were examined in relation to age, sex, retrospective research diagnosis (Feighner et al., 1972), and whether or not the patient had received ECT during the index hospitalization or at any time in the past. These data are summarized in Table 1.

Neither age nor gender was significantly related to suicidal versus nonsuicidal deaths. There were no significant associations with research diagnoses grouped in terms of affective disorder, schizophrenia, or other conditions. Forty-four percent of the patients who committed suicide had been treated with ECT during the index hospital admission, whereas 32% of patients who died from other causes had received ECT. These differences were not statistically significant.