Bibliography.

1. Abraham, K.R. and Kulhara, P., "The Efficacy of Electroconvulsive Therapy in the Treatment of Schizophrenia. A Comparative Study", British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1987: 152-155.
2. Abrams, R., Electroconvulsive Therapy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
3. Akinkunmi, A., "An M.P. questioning clinical judgement" (letter), Psychiatric Bulletin, 17, 1993: 175.
4. American Psychiatric Association, "The practice of electroconvulsive therapy: recommendations for treatment, training, and privileging", Convulsive Therapy, 6, 1990: 85-120.
5. Anon., "E.C.T. in Britain: a shameful state of affairs", Lancet, 2, 1981: 1207-8.
6. Anon., "E.C.T. : your questions answered", Professional Nurse, February 1991: 281-282.
7. Avery, D. and Winokur, G., "Mortality in depressed patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy and antidepressants", Archives of General Psychiatry, 1976, 33: 1029-1037.
8. Avery, D. and Winokur, G., "Suicide, attempted suicide, and relapse rates in depression", Archives of General Psychiatry, 1978, 35: 749-753.
9. Babigian H.M. and Guttmacher, L.B., "Epidemiologic considerations in electroconvulsive therapy", Archives of General Psychiatry, 1984, 41: 246-253.
10. Benbow, S.M., "Old Age Psychaitrists' Views on the Use of E.C.T.",
11. International Journal of Geriatric Psychaitry, 6, 1991: 317-322.
12. Boyle, M., Schizophrenia - A scientific delusion?, Routledge, 1990.
13. Boyle, M., "Minimum Contents", Open Mind, 87, September/October
14. 1997.
15. Brandon, S., Cowley, P., McDonald, C., Neville, P., Palmer, R. and Wellstood-Eason, S., "Electroconvulsive Therapy: Results in Depressive Illness from the Leicestershire Trial", British Medical Journal, 288, 1984: 22-25
16. Brandon, S., Cowley, P., McDonald, C., Neville, P., Palmer, R. and Wellstood-Eason, S., "Does E.C.T. alter brain structure?", British Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 1985: 177-183.
17. Breakthrough, Citizen's Commission on Human Rights, E.C.T. Anonymous, and United Kingdom Advocacy Network, The Royal College's Own Case Against Electric Shock Treatment in British Hospitals, 1996.
18. Breggin, P.R., Electroshock: Its Brain-Disabling Effects, New York:
19. Springer, 1979.
20. Breggin, P., Toxic Psychiatry, Harper Collins, 1993.
21. Brill N., Crumpton, E., Eiduson, S., Grayson, H., Hellman, L. and Richards, R.A., "An Experimental Study of the Relative Effectiveness of Various Components of Electro-Convulsive Therapy", American Journal of Psychiatry, 1959, 115: 734-735.
22. Buchan, H., Johnstone, E., McPherson, K., Palmer, R.L., Crow, T.J. and Brandon, S., "Who Benefits from Electroconvulsive Therapy? Combined Results of the Leicester and Northwick Park Trials", British Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1992: 355-359.
23. Calev, A., Gaudino, E.A., Squires, N.K., Zervas, I.M. and Fink, M., "E.C.T. and non-memory cognition: a review", British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1995, 34: 505-515.
24. Cameron, D.G., "E.C.T.: Sham Statistics, the Myth of Convulsive Therapy, and the Case for Consumer Misinformation", The Journal of Mind and Behaviour, 1994, 15(1/2): 177-98.
25. Carney, M.P.W., Roth, M. and Gareside, R.F., "The Diagnosis of Depressive Syndromes and the Prediction of E.C.T. Response", British Journal of Psychiatry, 111, 1965: 659-674.
26. Citizen's Commission on Human Rights, Warning. Psychiatry Endorses Child Abuse, East Grinstead, 1994.
27. Citizen's Commission on Human Rights, Psychiatry Destroys Minds. Electroshock: Pain and fraud in the name of therapy, Los Angeles, 1997.
28. Clare, A. and Milligan, S., Depression and How to Avoid It, London: Arrow, 1994.
29. Clinical Resource and Audit Group (Department of Health, The Scottish Office) Working Group on Mental Illness, Electroconvulsive Therapy (E.C.T.). A Good Practice Statement, The Scottish Office / National Health Service in Scotland, 1997a.
30. Clinical Resource and Audit Group (Department of Health, The Scottish Office), A Good Practice Statement on Electroconvulsive Therapy (E.C.T.). A Summary for Purchasers of Mental Health Care, The Scottish Office / National Health Service in Scotland, 1997b.
31. Clinical Psychiatry Committee, Medical Research Council, "Clinical Trial of the Treatment of Depressive Illness", British Medical Journal, 1, 1965: 881-886.
32. Cobb, A., Safe and Effective - Mind's views on psychiatric drugs, E.C.T. and psychosurgery, London: Mind, 1993.
33. Cobb, A., Mind's Policy on Physical Treatments, London: Mind, 1994.
34. Cobb, A., Older Women and E.C.T., London: Mind, 1995.
35. Cobb, A., "Making Sense of the Process and Effects of E.C.T.", Nursing Times, 92, 10, 6/3/1996: 32-33.
36. Coffey, C.E. and Weiner, R.D., "Electroconvulsive Therapy: An Update", Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 41(5), 1990: 515-521
37. Cook, E., "A shock to the system", The Big Issue, 228, 14-20 April, 1997: 22-23.
38. Crow, T.J., "The scientific status of electro-convulsive therapy", Psychological Medicine, 1979, 9: 401-8.
39. Department of Health and Welsh Office, Code of Practice - Mental Health Act 1983, London: H.M.S.O., 1993.
40. Devanand, D.R., Dwork, A.J., Hutchinson, E.R., Bolwig, T.G., and Sackeim, H.A., "Does E.C.T. alter brain structure?", American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1994: 957-970
41. Dobson, R., "Patients join the fight to curtail shock treatment", The Independent, 14 February, 1995.
42. Doherty, A., personal correspondence with Salford Community Health Council, 29 October, 1996.
43. Doherty, A., Electroconvulsive Therapy (E.C.T.). A Need for Change, Clydebank, 1997.
44. Duffett, R. and Lelliott, P., "Junior doctors' training in the theory and the practice of electroconvulsive therapy", Psychiatric Bulletin, 21, 1997: 563-565.
45. Durr, A.L. and Golden, R.N., "Cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy: a clinical review for nurses", Convulsive Therapy, 1995, 11(3): 192-201.
46. Eastwood, M.R. and Peacocke, J., "Seasonal patterns of suicide, depression and electroconvulsive therapy", British Journal of Psychiatry, 1976, 129: 472-475.
47. E.C.T. Anonymous, The Royal College's Own Case Against Electric Shock Treatment in British Hospitals, 1996.
48. E.C.T. Anonymous, Considering electric shock treatment? Before you get dazzled by the Ayes, wait until you've looked up the Nos, information sheet EA-8, January 1997a.
49. E.C.T. Anonymous, Electric Shock Treatment. What options do you have if you don't want it, or it hasn't worked, or has harmed you?, information sheet EA-11, January 1997b.
50. E.C.T. Anonymous, Electric Shock Treatment. A review of the evidence of risk, information sheet EA-12, January 1997c.
51. E.C.T. Anonymous, Vickers Company Stops Sales of Shock Machines (press release), 29 October, 1997d.
52. Electro-Convulsive Therapy (Restrictions on Use) Bill, presented to House
53. of Commons on 3 December, 1997.
54. Endler, N.S., "The origins of electroconvulsive therapy (E.C.T.)", Convulsive Therapy, 1988, 4: 5-23.
55. Fear, C., Littlejohns, C., Rouse, E., McQuail, P., "Propofol anaesthesia in electroconvulsive therapy. Reduced seizure duration may not be relevant", British Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 1994: 506-509
56. Feighner, J. P., Robins, E.R., Guze, S.B., Woodruff. R. A. Jr., Winokur, G. and Munoz, R., "Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research", Archives of General Psychiatry, 26, 1972: 57-63.
57. Fennell, P., Treatment without Consent: Law, Psychiatry and the Treatment of Mentally disordered People since 1845, Routledge, 1995.
58. Ferrill, M.J., Kehoe W.A. and Jacisin J.J., "E.C.T. during pregnancy", Convulsive Therapy, 1992, 8(3): 186-200.
59. Figiel, G.S., Hassen, M.A. et al., "E.C.T. Induced Delirium in Depressed Patients with Parkinson's Disease", The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 3, 1991: 405-411.
60. Fink, M., Convulsive Therapy: Theory and Practice, New York: Raven Press, 1973.
61. Fink, M., "Is E.C.T. usage decreasing?", Convulsive Therapy, 1987, 3: 171-3.
62. Fink, M., "Book Review. "The E.C.T. Handbook: The Second Report of the Royal College of Psychiatrists' Special Committee on E.C.T.", edited by C.P. Freeman, London: Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1995, soft cover, 153 pp.", Convulsive Therapy, 1996, 12(2): 127-132.
63. Fink, M. and Johnson, L., "Monitoring the Duration of Electroconvulsive Therapy Seizures: 'Cuff' and E.E.G. methods compared", Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 1982: 1189-1191.
64. Fogarty, "Shock Treatment", Social Work Today, 21 May, 1992.
65. Freeman, C.P. (ed.), The E.C.T. Handbook - The Second Report of the Royal College of Psychiatrists' Special Committee on E.C.T., London: Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1995.
66. Freeman, C.P.L., Basson, J.V. and Crighton, A., "Double-blind control trial of electroconvulsive therapy (E.C.T.) and simulated E.C.T. in depressive illness", The Lancet, 8 April, 1978: 738-740.
67. Freeman, C.P. and Cheshire, K.E., "Attitude studies in electroconvulsive therapy", Convulsive Therapy, 2, 1986: 31-42.
68. Freeman, C.P.L. and Kendell, R.E., "E.C.T.: I. Patients' experiences and attitudes", British Journal of Psychiatry, 1980, 137: 8-16.
69. Freeman, C.P.L., Weeks, D. and Kendell, R.E., "E.C.T.: II. Patients who Complain", British Journal of Psychiatry, 1980, 137: 17-25.
70. Frith, C.D., Stevens, M., Johnstone, E.C., Deakin, J.F., Lawler, P. and Crow, T.J., "A comparison of some retrograde and anterograde effects of electroconvulsive shock in patients with severe depression", British Journal of Psychology, 1987, 78 (Part 1): 53-63.
71. Gill, D. and Lambourne, J., "The indications for E.C.T.: a profile of its use", in Palmer, R.I. (ed.), Electro-convulsive Therapy: An Appraisal, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981.
72. Grahame-Smith, D.G.., "How does E.C.T. work?2, in Malkin, J.C. and Brandon, S. (eds.), E.C.T.: current approaches, Duphar Medical Relations, 1988.
73. Green, S., letter in The Independent, 17 December, 1992.
74. Greenfield, S.A. (ed.), The Human Mind Explained, Cassell, 1996.
75. Gregory, S., Shawcross, C.R. and Gill, D., "The Nottingham E.C.T. Study. A Double-Blind Comparison of Bilateral, Unilateral and Simulated E.C.T. in Depressive Illness", British Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 1985: 520-524.
76. Hamilton, M., "A Rating Scale for Depression", Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 23, 1960: 56.
77. Harrington, R., "The natural history and treatment of child and adolescent affective disorders", Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 33, 1992: 1287-1302.
78. Heitman, E., "The Public's Role in the Evaluation of Health Care Technology. The Conflict Over E.C.T.", International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 12, 4, 1996: 657-672.
79. Henderson, T., Anderson, M.J. and Stark, C.R., "Administration of electroconvulsive therapy: Training, practice and attitudes", Psychiatric Bulletin, 1993, 17(3): 154-155
80. Hickie, I., Mason, C., Parker, G. and Brodaty, H., Prediction of E.C.T. response: validation of a refined sign-based (CORE) system for defining melancholia, 1996.
81. Huston, P.E. and Locher, L.M., "Involutional psychosis. Course when untreated and when treated with electric shock", Archives of Neurological Psychiatry, 1948a, 59: 385-394.
82. Huston. P. E. and Locher. L.W., " Manic-depressive psychosis. Course when treated and untreated with electric shock", Archives of Neurological Psychiatry, 1948b, 60: 37-48.
83. Hyde, K. R., E.C.T. and its use in Salford - Draft Report from the C.H.C. Response (personal correspondence), Mental Health Services of Salford N.H.S. Trust, 1997.
84. Jaffe, R., "Video Review - The Official Video Teaching Pack of the Royal College of Psychiatrists' Special Committee on E.C.T.", Convulsive Therapy, 1995, 11(1): 61.
85. Janicak, P.G., Davis, M.D., Gibbons, R.D., Ericksen, S., Chang, S. and Gallagher, P. "Efficacy of E.C.T.: A Meta-Analysis", American Journal of Psychiatry, 142(3), 1985: 297-302.
86. Janis, I., "Psychological Effects of E.C.T.", Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 111, 1950: 359-381.
87. Jha, A.K., Stein, G.S. and Fenwick, F., "Negative Interaction between Lithium and Electroconvulsive Therapy -A Case-Control Study", The British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 1996: 214-243.
88.  Johnstone, E.C., Lawler, P., Stevens, M., Deakin, J.F.W., Frith, C.D., McPherson, K. and Crow, T.J., "The Northwick Park Electroconvulsive Therapy Trial", The Lancet, 20/27 December, 1980: 1317-1320.
89. Jones, Y. and Baldwin, S., "E.C.T.: shock, lies and psychiatry", Changes: International Journal of Psychology and Psychotherapy 10(2), 1992: 126-135.
90. Jowsey, S.G., "The Effect of Medications on E.C.T.: An Understanding of the Interaction of Medications and E.C.T. is Essential to Ensure That the Use of Medications Does Not Jeopardize the Efficacy and Safety of This Treatment", Psychiatric Annals, 23, 1993: 33-37.
91. Kellner, C.H. (ed.), "E.C.T. and drugs: concurrent administration", Convulsive Therapy, 1993, 9: 237-351.
92. Kendell, R.E. (President of the Royal College of Psychiatrists), letter to North West Right to Refuse Electroshock Campaign, 26 August, 1997.
93. Krueger, R.B., Sackeim, H.A. and Gamzu E.R., "Pharmacological treatment of the cognitive side effects of E.C.T.: a review", Psychopharmacological Bulletin, 28(4), 1992: 409-24.
94. Kutcher, S. and Robertson, H.A., "Electroconvulsive Therapy in Treatment-Resistant Bipolar Youth", The Journal of Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 5, 1995: 167-175.
95. Lambourne, J. and Gill, D., "A controlled comparison of simulated and real E.C.T.", British Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 1978: 514-9.
96. Latey, R.H. and Fahy, T.J., "Some influences on regional variation in frequency of prescription of electroconvulsive therapy", British Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1988: 196-200.
97. Lauter, H. and Sauer, H., "Electroconvulsive therapy: a German perspective", Convulsive Therapy, 3, 1987: 204-209.
98. Lee, D., Kenny, M. and Harrop-Griffiths, W., "Forum. Anaesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy. Personnel and facilities", Anaesthesia, 1996, vol. 51: 583-4).
99. Lentz, S.K., "Electroconvulsive Therapy During Pregnancy", Brattleboro Retreat Psychiatric Review, 1996, 5(1).
100. Lerer, B., Shapira, B., Calev, A., Tubi, N., Drexler, H., Kindler, S., Lidsky, D. and Schwartz, J.E., "Antidepressant and cognitive effects of twice- versus three-times-weekly E.C.T.", American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(40), April 1995: 564-70.
101. Linnington, A. and Harris, B., "Fifty years of electroconvulsive therapy", British Medical Journal, 297, 1988: 1354-5
102. Liston, E.H., Guze, B.H., Baxter, L.R., Richeimer, S.T. and Gold, M.H., "Motor versus E.E.G. seizure duration in E.C.T.", Biological Psychiatry, 24, 1988: 94-96.
103. Locke, T., "Advances in the practice of electroconvulsive therapy", Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 1, 1994: 47-56.
104. Malcolm, K., "Patients' perceptions and knowledge of electroconvulsive therapy", Psychiatric Bulletin, 13, 1989:161-165
105. Malcolm, K. and Peet, M., "The use of electroconvulsive therapy in elderly depressive patients", in Ghose, K. (ed.), Antidepressants in the Elderly, Croom Helm, 1989.
106. Mendels, J., "Electroconvulsive Therapy and Depression I. The Prognostic Significance of Clinical Factors", British Journal of Psychiatry, 111, 1965: 675-681.
107. Mental Health Act Commission, Fifth Biennial Report 1991-1993, Nottingham, 1993.
108. Mental Health Act Commission, Guidance to Health Authorities: The Mental Health Act 1983 (Guidance Note 1), Nottingham, 1996.
109. Mental Health Act Commission, Seventh Biennial Report 1995-1997, Nottingham, 1997.
110. Mental Health Unit, Salford Health Authority, Procedure Guidance Notes on the Mental Health Act 1983: Consent to Treatment, Salford, 1992a.
111. Mental Health Unit, Salford Health Authority, Procedure Guidance Notes on the Mental Health Act 1983: Electro-Convulsive Therapy, Salford, 1992b.
112. Mental Health Unit, Salford Health Authority, Quality Statement: Consent to Treatment (Mental Health Act 1983), Salford, 1993.
113. Miller, L.J., "The use of electroconvulsive therapy during pregnancy", Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 45(5), May 1994: 444-50.
114. Milne, D., "Why has this report not been published?", The Big Issue Scotland, 115, 17-23 April, 1997: 5
115. Milstein, V., Joyce, G., Small, M.D., Iver, F., Small, M.D., and Green, G.E., "Does Electroconvulsive Therapy Prevent Suicide?" Convulsive Therapy, 1986, 2(1): 3-6.
116. Mind, Making Sense of treatments and drugs: E.C.T., London: Mind, 1995.
117. Morgan, R.F. (ed.), Electroshock: the case against, I.P.I. Publishing, 1991.
118. National Institute of Mental Health, Report of the consensus conference on electroconvulsive therapy, convened by the National Institute of Mental Health, 1985a.
119. National Institute of Mental Health, Electroconvulsive Therapy. National Institutes of Health Consensus Statement, Online, June 10-12, 1985b, 5(11):1-23.
120. O'Leary, D.A. and Lee, A.S., "Seven Year Prognosis in Depression. Mortality and Readmission Risk in the Nottingham E.C.T. Cohort", British Journal of Psychiatry, 1996, 169: 423-429.
121. O.P.C.S., OPCS Health Area Monitor: 1991 Census, North Western Region, CEN 91 HAM 6, 1993a.
122. O.P.C.S., Census County Report 1991 (Greater Manchester), 1993b.
123. Ottoson, J., "Experimental studies of the mode of action of electroconvulsive therapy", ACTA Psychiatrica of Neurologica Scandinavia, 1960, Supplement 145: 1-341.
124. Palmer, R.L., Electroconvulsive therapy: an appraisal, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981.
125. Parmar, R., "Attitudes of child psychiatrists to electroconvulsive therapy", Psychiatric Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, 17, 1993: 12-13.
126. Philbert, R.A., Richards, L., Lynch, C.F. and Winokur, G., "Effect of E.C.T. on mortality and clinical outcome in geriatric unipolar depression", Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 56(9), September 1995: 390-4.
127. Pippard, J., "E.C.T. custom and practice", Psychiatric Bulletin, 1988, 12: 473-5.
128. Pippard, J., "Audit of electroconvulsive treatment in two National Health Service regions", British Journal of Psychiatry, 1992, 160: 621-637.
129. Pippard, J. and Ellam, L., Electroconvulsive treatment in Great Britain, 1980, London: Gaskell, 1981.
130. Porter, R.H.P., Burnet, P.W.J., Eastwood, S.L. and Harrison, P.J., "Contrasting Effects of Electroconvulsive Shock on Messenger-RNAs Encoding the High-Affinity Kainate Receptor Subunits (KA1 and KA2) and Cyclophin in the Rat", Brain Research, 710, 1-2, 1996: 97-102.
131. Potter, W.Z. and Rudorfer, M.V., "Electroconvulsive Therapy -A Modern Medical Procedure", The New England Journal of Medicine, 328, 1993: 882-883.
132. Powell, J.C., Silveira, W.R. and Lindsay, R., "Pre-pubertal depressive stupor: a case report", British Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 1988: 689-692.
133. Psychology Politics Resistance, "North West Right to Refuse Electroshock Campaign", Psychology Politics Resistance Newsletter, 4, 1997:5.
134. Purdic, J.M., Sackeim, H.A. et al., "Medication Resistance, Response to E.C.T., and Prevention of Relapse", Psychiatric Annals, 24, 1994: 228-231.
135. Research-able Inc., Electroconvulsive Therapy Background Paper (prepared for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services), Vienna, Virginia, 1998.
136. 132. Riordan, D.M., Barron, P. and Bowden, M., "E.C.T.: a patient-friendly procedure?", British Journal of Psychiatry, 17, 1993: 531-33.
137. Ritter, S., Bethlem Royal and Maudesley Hospital Manual of Clinical Psychiatric Nursing Principles and Procedures, London, 1989.
138. Rogers, A., Pilgrim, D. and Lacey, R., Experiencing Psychiatry, London: MacMillan, 1993.
139. Rose, S., The Making of Memory, Bantam Press, 1993.
140. Royal College of Nursing, "R.C.N. Nursing Guidelines for E.C.T.", Convulsive Therapy, 1987, 3: 158-160.
141. Royal College of Nursing, E.C.T. - Guidance fr Nurses, 1997.
142. Royal College of Psychiatrists, E.C.T. (Electroconvulsive Therapy). A Factsheet for You and Your Family, London: Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1993.
143. Royal College of Psychiatrists, Checklists for Good Practice in E.C.T., London: Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1995a.
144. Royal College of Psychiatrists, Patient Factsheet: E.C.T. (Electroconvulsive Therapy), London: Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1995b.
145. Royal College of Psychiatrists, Recent Audit Shows Improved Standards of Practice in E.C.T. in England and Wales (press release), 21 January, 1997.
146. Sackeim, H.A., Decina, P., Protnoy, S. et al., "Studies of dosage, seizure threshold and seizure duration in E.C.T.", Biological Psychiatry, 22, 1987: 249-268.
147. Sackeim, H.A., Prudic, J. and Devanand, D.P., "Treatment of medication resistant depression with electroconvulsive therapy", in Tasman, A., Goldfinger, S.M., and Kaufman, C.A. (eds.), Review of Psychiatry, 9, 1990: 911-15.
148. Salford Health Authority, Salford Community Health Council, Salford Family Health Services Authority, Profile of Black Communities in Salford, Salford, 1993.
149. Scott, A.I., "Contemporary practice of electroconvulsive therapy", British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 51(7), April 1994: 334-8.
150. Scottish Association of Health Councils, Annual Report 1995-96, Edinburgh, 1996.
151. Small, J.G., Klapper, M.H., Kellams, J.J., Miller, M.J., Milstein, V., Sharpley, P.H. and Small, I.F., "Electroconvulsive Treatment Compared with Lithium in the Management of Manic States", Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 1988: 727-732.
152. Sobin, C., Prudic, J., Devanand, D., Nobler, M., Sackeim, H., Who Responds to Electroconvulsive Therapy? A Comparison of Effective and Ineffective Forms of Treatment, 1996.
153. Sobin, C., Sackeim H.A., Prudic, J., Devanand, D.P., Moody, B.J. and McHilhiney, M.C., "Predictors of retrograde amnesia following E.C.T.", American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1995: 995-1001.
154. Squire, L., "Memory functions as affected by electroconvulsive therapy", Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1986, 462: 307-313.
155. Squire, L.R. and Chace, P.M., "Memory functions six to nine months after electroconvulsive therapy", Archives of General Psychiatry, 1975, 32:1557-64.
156. Squire, L. and Slater, P.C., "Electroconvulsive therapy and complaints of memory dysfunction: A prospective three-year follow-up study", British Journal of Psychiatry 142, 1983: 1-8.
157. Squire, L., Wetzel and Slater, P., "Memory complaint after E.C.T.", Biological Psychiatry, 14(5), 1979.
158. Stanley, W. and Fleming, H., "A clinical comparison of Phenelzine and electro-convulsive therapy in the treatment of depressive illness", British Journal of Psychiatry, 1962, 108: 708-710.
159. Summers, W.K., Robins, E. and Reich, T., "The natural history of acute organic mental syndrome after bilateral electroconvulsive therapy", Biological Psychiatry, 14, 1979: 905-912.
160. Szasz, T., Schizophrenia, Oxford University Press, 1979.
161. Taylor, P. and Fleminger, J.J., "E.C.T. for Schizophrenia", The Lancet, 28 June, 1980: 1380-1382.
162. Thomas, P., "Electroshock therapy. More shock than value?", What Doctors Don't Tell You, 7, 8, 1996: 2-5.
163. Thompson, C. (Royal College of Psychiatrists), letter to regional mental health leads and chief executives of N.H.S. trusts, 8 January, 1997.
164. Thompson, R., "E.C.T. must be used with caution" (letter), Nursing Times, 92(26), 1996: 23.
165. Tsuang, M.T., Dempsey, G.M. and Fleming, J A., "Can E.C.T. prevent premature death and suicide in schizoaffective patients?", Journal of Affective Disorders, 1979, 1: 167-171.
166. Uebersax, J.S., "E.C.T. Results and Meta-Analysis", American Journal of Psychiatry, 144(2), 1987: 256-7.
167. United Kingdom Advocacy Network, Electroconvulsive Therapy. The National Experience, Sheffield, 1995.
168. Valentine, M., Keddie K. and Dunne, D., "A comparison of techniques in electro-convulsive therapy", British Journal of Psychiatry, 1968, 114: 989-996.
169. Walker, R. and Swartz, C.D., "Electroconvulsive therapy during high-risk pregnancy", General Hospital Psychiatry, 1994, 16: 348-353.
170. 166. Wallcraft, J., "E.C.T. Workshop", in North West Mindlink and Sefton Social Services, Promoting Partnerships, 1 January, 1994: 13-14.
171. Weeks, D., Freeman, C.P.L. and Kendell, R.E., "E.C.T.: III. Enduring Cognitive Deficits?", British Journal of Psychiatry, 1980, 137: 26-37.
172. Weiner, R.D. and Coffey, C.E., "Indication for use of electroconvulsive therapy", in Frances, A.J. and Hales , R.E. (eds.), Review of Psychiatry, 7, 1988: 458-81.
173. Weiner, R.D. and Krystal, A.D., "The present use of electroconvulsive therapy", Annual Review of Medicine, 45, 1994: 273-81.
174. Williams, K.M., Iacono, W.G., Remick, R.A. and Greenwood, P., "Dichotic perception and memory following electroconvulsive treatment for depression", British Journal of Psychiatry, 1990, 157: 366-72.
175. Wilson, B.W., Stevens, R.G., Anderson, L.E. (eds.), Extremely Low
176. Frequency Electromagnetic Fields: The Quesion of Concer, Battelle Press, 1990.
177. Zielinski, R.J., Roose, S.P. et al., "Cardiovascular Complications of E.C.T. in Depressed Patients with Cardiac Disease", American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1993: 904-909.
178. Ziskind, E., Somerfeld-Ziskind, E. and Ziskind, L., "Metrazol and electric convulsive therapy of the affective psychoses", Archives of Neurological Psychiatry, 53, 1945: 212-217.
179. Zwil, A.S. and Pelchat, R.J., "E.C.T. in the treatment of patients with neurological and somatic disease", International Journal of Psychiatric Medicine, 24 (10), 1994: 1-29.

Please fax your comments to:

Martin Atkins and Jeff Withington at +44 161 772 3752