Find out about the types of PTSD, the traumatic causes behind development of PTSD, and the prevalence of PTSD in American society.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that a person may develop after experiencing or witnessing an extreme, overwhelming traumatic event during which they felt intense fear, helplessness, or horror.

The dominant features of posttraumatic stress disorder are emotional numbing (i.e., emotional nonresponsiveness), hyperarousal (e.g., irritability, on constant alert for danger), and reexperiencing of the trauma (e.g., flashbacks, intrusive emotions).

Posttraumatic stress disorder is also referred to as shell shock or battle fatigue (when describing the disorder in combat veterans) and as postrape syndrome.

Trauma

A trauma is an intensely stressful event during which a person suffers serious harm or the threat of serious harm or death or witnesses an event during which another person (or persons) is killed, seriously injured, or threatened. Traumatic events are commonly classified as follows:

• Abuse
  • Mental
  • Physical
  • Sexual
  • Verbal (i.e., sexual and/or violent content)
• Catastrophe
  • Harmful and fatal accidents
  • Natural disasters
  • Terrorism
• Violent attack
  • Animal attack
  • Assault
  • Battery and domestic violence
  • Rape
• War, battle, and combat
  • Death
  • Explosion
  • Gunfire

Types of PTSD

There are three types of PTSD: acute, chronic, and delayed onset. In acute PTSD, symptoms last less than 3 months. In chronic PTSD, symptoms last 3 months or more. In delayed onset PTSD, symptoms first appear at least 6 months after the traumatic event.

Incidence and Prevalence

Lifetime prevalence is 8-9% in the U.S. population. A National Comorbidity Survey conducted in the early 1990s found that women are twice as likely as men to experience PTSD. In high-risk groups, such as combat veterans and victims of violent crimes, prevalence ranges from 3% to 58%.

• PTSD is more prevalent among war veterans than among any other group. The National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Survey reports that approximately 25% of U.S. veterans, men and women, were suffering from PTSD in the early 1990s.

• Men with PTSD identify combat and witnessing someone else's injury or death most often as the cause of their condition. Women identify physical attack or threat most often as the cause of their PTSD.

• Someone with PTSD is at risk for developing other mental health disorders such as panic disorder, phobias, major depressive disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

• PTSD commonly occurs in countries where long-term war, widespread social upheaval, and frequent natural disasters are prevalent.

Sources:

• American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
• Davidson JR, Hughes D, Blazer DG, George LK. Post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: an epidemiological study. Psychol Med 1991;21: 713-21.
• Yule W. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the general population and in children. J Clin Psyhciatry 2001; 62(suppl 17)23-8.

next: Causes of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)