Child Development
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Stages
of Intellectual Development
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| Developmental
Stage & Approximate Age |
Characteristic Behavior |
| Sensory
Motor Period (0 - 24 months) |
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| Reflexive Stage (0-2 months) | Simple reflex activity such as grasping, sucking. |
| Primary Circular
Reactions (2-4 months) |
Reflexive behaviors occur in stereotyped repetition such as opening and closing fingers repetitively. |
| Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months) | Repetition of change actions to reproduce interesting consequences such as kicking one's feet to more a mobile suspended over the crib. |
| Coordination of Secondary Reactions (8-12 months) | Responses become coordinated into more complex sequences. Actions take on an "intentional" character such as the infant reaches behind a screen to obtain a hidden object. |
| Tertiary Circular
Reactions (12-18 months) |
Discovery of new ways to produce the same consequence or obtain the same goal such as the infant may pull a pillow toward him in an attempt to get a toy resting on it. |
| Invention of New Means Through Mental Combination (18-24 months) | Evidence of an internal representational system. Symbolizing the problem-solving sequence before actually responding. Deferred imitation. |
| The Preoperational Period (2-7 years) |
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| Preoperational Phase (2-4 years) |
Increased use of verbal representation but speech is egocentric. The beginnings of symbolic rather than simple motor play. Transductive reasoning. Can think about something without the object being present by use of language. |
| Intuitive Phase (4-7 years) | Speech becomes more
social, less egocentric. The child has an intuitive grasp of logical concepts in
some areas. However, there is still a tendency to focus attention on one aspect of
an object while ignoring others. Concepts formed are crude and irreversible.
Easy to believe in magical increase, decrease, disappearance. Reality not
firm. Perceptions dominate judgement. In moral-ethical realm, the child is not able to show principles underlying best behavior. Rules of a game not develop, only uses simple do's and don'ts imposed by authority. |
| Period of Concrete Operations (7-11 years) | Evidence
for organized, logical thought. There is the ability to perform multiple
classification tasks, order objects in a logical sequence, and comprehend the principle of
conservation. thinking becomes less transductive and less egocentric. The
child is capable of concrete problem-solving. Some reversibility now possible (quantities moved can be restored such as in arithmetic: 3+4 = 7 and 7-4 = 3, etc.) Class logic-finding bases to sort unlike objects into logical groups where previously it was on superficial perceived attribute such as color. Categorical labels such as "number" or animal" now available. |
| Period of Formal Operations (11-15 years) |
Thought
becomes more abstract, incorporating the principles of formal logic. The ability to
generate abstract propositions, multiple hypotheses and their possible outcomes is
evident. Thinking becomes less tied to concrete reality. Formal logical systems can be acquired. Can handle proportions, algebraic manipulation, other purely abstract processes. If a + b = x then x = a - b. If ma/ca = IQ = 1.00 then Ma = CA. Prepositional logic, as-if and if-then steps. Can use aids such as axioms to transcend human limits on comprehension. |
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