So far, researchers have only been able to focus on that first criteria - trying to define the constellation of symptoms that constitutes a computer or internet addiction. Psychologist Kimberly S. Young at the Center for On-Line Addiction (see the links at the end of this article) classifies people as Internet-dependent if they meet during the past year four or more of the criteria listed below. Of course, she is focusing specifically on internet addiction, and not the broader category of computer addiction:

• Do you feel preoccupied with the Internet or on-line services and think about it while off line?
• Do you feel a need to spend more and more time on line to achieve satisfaction?
• Are you unable to control your on-line use?
• Do you feel restless or irritable when attempting to cut down or stop your on-line use?
• Do you go on line to escape problems or relieve feelings such as helplessness, guilt, anxiety or depression?
• Do you lie to family members or friends to conceal how often and how long you stay online?
• Do you risk the loss of a significant relationship, job, or educational or career opportunity because of your on-line use?
• Do you keep returning even after spending too much money on on-line fees?
• Do you go through withdrawal when off line, such as increased depression, moodiness, or irritability?
• Do you stay on line longer than originally intended?

In what he intended as a joke, Ivan Goldberg proposed his own set of symptoms for what he called "Pathological Computer Use". Other psychologists are debating other possible symptoms of internet addiction, or symptoms that vary slightly from Young's criteria and Goldberg's parody of such criteria. These symptoms include:

• drastic lifestyle changes in order to spend more time on the net
• general decrease in physical activity
• a disregard for one's health as a result of internet activity
• avoiding important life activities in order to spend time on the net
• sleep deprivation or a change in sleep patterns in order to spend time on the net
• a decrease in socializing, resulting in loss of friends
• neglecting family and friends
• refusing to spend any extended time off the net
• a craving for more time at the computer
• neglecting job and personal obligations

On a listserv devoted to the cyberpsychology, Lynne Roberts (robertsl@psychology.curtin.edu.au) described some of the possible physiological correlates of heavy internet usage, although she didn't necessarily equate these reactions with pathological addiction:

• A conditioned response (increased pulse, blood pressure) to the modem connecting
• An "altered state of consciousness" during long periods of dyad/small group interaction (total focus and concentration on the screen, similar to a mediation/trance state).
• Dreams that appeared in scrolling text (the equivalent of MOOing).
• Extreme irritability when interrupted by people/things in "real life" while immersed in c-space.

In my own article on "addictions" to the Palace, a graphical MOO/chat environment, I cited the criteria that psychologists often use in defining ANY type of addiction. It's clear that the attempts to define computer and internet addiction draw on these patterns that are perhaps common to addictions of all types - patterns that perhaps point to deeper, universal causes of addiction:

• Are you neglecting important things in your life because of this behavior?
• Is this behavior disrupting your relationships with important people in your life?
• Do important people in your life get annoyed or disappointed with you about this behavior?
• Do you get defensive or irritable when people criticize this behavior?
• Do you ever feel guilty or anxious about what you are doing?
• Have you ever found yourself being secretive about or trying to "cover up" this behavior?
• Have you ever tried to cut down, but were unable to?
• If you were honest with yourself, do you feel there is another hidden need that drives this behavior?

If you're getting a bit confused or overwhelmed by all these criteria, that's understandable. This is precisely the dilemma faced by psychologists in the painstaking process of defining and validating a new diagnostic category. On the lighter side, consider some of the more humorous attempts to define internet addiction. Below is one list from The World Headquarters of Netaholics Anonymous (http://www.safari.net/~pam/netanon). Although this is intended as humor, note the striking similarity of some of the items to the serious diagnostic criteria... There is a kernel of truth even in a joke:

1. You wake up at 3 a.m. to go to the bathroom and stop and check your e-mail on the way back to bed.
2. You get a tattoo that reads "This body best viewed with Netscape Navigator 1.1 or higher."
3. You name your children Eudora, Mozilla and Dotcom.
4. You turn off your modem and get this awful empty feeling, like you just pulled the plug on a loved one.
5. You spend half of the plane trip with your laptop on your lap...and your child in the overhead compartment.
6. You decide to stay in college for an additional year or two, just for the free Internet access.
7. You laugh at people with 2400-baud modems.
8. You start using smileys in your snail mail.
9. The last mate you picked up was a JPEG.
10. Your hard drive crashes. You haven't logged in for two hours. You start to twitch. You pick up the phone and manually dial your ISP's access number. You try to hum to communicate with the modem.

You succeed.

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